Free Essays on EU Constitution

The committee, which speaks to national governments and receives most EU laws, is the Union's turn. Be that as it may, in our third gander at Europe's foundations, we spot shortcomings just as qualities THE imagery is excessively able. For a long time the European Commission assembling, the four-pronged Berlaymont, has been covered in white plastic while asbestos is evacuated. In the interim over the road scowls a dismal pink fortification: the Justus Lipsius Building, new home of the Council of Ministers. Force is without a doubt leaking from one to the next. Under the exemplary EU plan, the commission proposes, the parliament opines and the chamber arranges. In any case, these days, particularly in international strategy and home undertakings, commission and parliament scarcely get a peep; the committee runs the entire show. However this is excessively straightforward. The European Parliament, for example, has developed all the more remarkable also. All things considered, the EU plainly has a more â€Å"inter-governmental† flavor than it didthat is, national governments have figured out how to torque back all the more a state, with regards to the open mind-set in the majority of the Union's 15 nations. Eurosceptical Britons, yet in addition Danes, Swedes, Frenchmen and others need less bossiness from Brussels. Such sentiments unavoidably reinforce the gathering, the most between administrative of the EU's organizations. They have likewise made the board to some degree schizophrenic. It is in excess of an assortment of national pastors. Through standard pastoral gatherings, a six-month to month administration that pivots among all the individuals, a 2,300-in number secretariat and 15 national changeless missions in Brussels, the board has gained its own European personality. It is, all things considered, the focal body of a beginning confederation. The pressure among national and supranational intrigue arrives at directly down to the humblest board working-gathering. A major disappointment of the gathering is that it is unreasonably secretiveperhaps the main law-production body in the popularity based world that takes choices behin... Free Essays on EU Constitution Free Essays on EU Constitution The gathering, which speaks to national governments and receives most EU laws, is the Union's rotate. However, in our third glance at Europe's organizations, we spot shortcomings just as qualities THE imagery is excessively adept. For a long time the European Commission fabricating, the four-pronged Berlaymont, has been covered in white plastic while asbestos is expelled. Then over the road glares an inauspicious pink fortification: the Justus Lipsius Building, new home of the Council of Ministers. Force is undoubtedly leaking from one to the next. Under the exemplary EU plan, the commission proposes, the parliament opines and the board arranges. Be that as it may, these days, particularly in international strategy and home undertakings, commission and parliament scarcely get a peep; the gathering runs the entire show. However this is excessively basic. The European Parliament, for example, has developed all the more impressive too. All things considered, the EU plainly has a more â€Å"inter-governmental† flavor than it didthat is, national governments have figured out how to torque back even more a state, with regards to the open mind-set in a large portion of the Union's 15 nations. Eurosceptical Britons, yet in addition Danes, Swedes, Frenchmen and others need less bossiness from Brussels. Such sentiments definitely reinforce the committee, the most between administrative of the EU's establishments. They have additionally made the gathering fairly schizophrenic. It is in excess of an assortment of national priests. Through customary clerical gatherings, a six-month to month administration that turns among all the individuals, a 2,300-in number secretariat and 15 national perpetual missions in Brussels, the board has gained its own European character. It is, all things considered, the focal body of an incipient confederation. The strain among national and supranational intrigue arrives at directly down to the humblest chamber working-gathering. A major disappointment of the board is that it is awfully secretiveperhaps the main law-production body in the vote based world that takes choices behin...

Early years education Essay Example for Free

Early years instruction Essay 1.1 Summarize qualification and arrangement for early year’s instruction There are a wide range of kinds of early year’s arrangement which has been subsidized by the legislature for early years training. Every one of the three and multi year olds are qualified for 15 hours of free early year’s training privilege every week over the 38 weeks of the yearly year. Theirs are five distinct settings where Parents can decide to give their kid for their Free EY Entitlement they are: †¢Pre-school playgroup-. It is a youth program in which youngsters consolidate learning/instruction with play and it is an association that is given by completely prepared and qualified staff †¢Private Day nursery-An office accommodated the consideration and taking in for kids from the birth to 5 they are generally run by a business or a private association and are not connected with the administration. †¢Child-minder (who has a place with an enlisted youngster minder organize)- kid minders are independently employed giving the consideration to kids in their own homes , they offer full time or low maintenance places or adaptable courses of action. Youngster minders are enrolled with the Ofsted and are examined as per the Ofsted systems and guidelines to guarantee that he kid minder is giving and protected and appropriate condition for the kids. †¢Maintained nursery school-is a school for youngsters between the age of 3 and 5. It is controlled by completely qualified and prepared to staff who support and oversee instruction play and adapting as opposed to simply giving childcare. It is a piece of youth training. †¢Nursery or gathering class in an essential or autonomous school - Nursery schools give a more straightforward and organized training for early years youngsters matured 3 to 5 Some might be a piece of a free school for more established age groupseg newborn child and grade schools. Gathering classes are controlled by a certified educator. 1.3 Explain the post 16 alternatives for youngsters and grown-ups.

Essay Technology In Educational Setting Example

Essay Technology In Educational Setting Example Essay: Technology In Educational Setting â€" Essay Example > Outline Summary of the main pointsIntroductionIt deals with definition o f term educational technology and expounding of the concept in relation to k-10 curriculum-Australia. Policy StatementsThis part has expounded on the k-10 Curriculum in Australia recommended by the Board of Studies, NSW. The OutcomesThis part deals with the milestones gained because of incorporation educational technology in curriculum and specifically in the area of Software Development and Programming. .RelevanceIt elaborates application of educational technology in everyday living. INTRODUCTIONEducational technology encompasses the selective use of acquired skills, materials within ones disposal and past encounters to initiate mechanism and products that will meet with the emerging need of human beings (Winzenried, 2009). The definition of technology according to United Nations Education, Social and Cultural Organization is…”the know-how and creative process that may assist people to utilize tools, res ources and systems to solve problems and to enhance control over natural and made environment in an endeavor to improve human condition” (UNESCO, 1985). The application of technology will depend entirely on the individual standard of living, economy among others. In most circumstances, the technology of a given group of people will depend on their desires and requirements (Penrith, 2009). In a curriculum to have dynamic, inventive and business-oriented students there is need to come up with comprehensive technology to meet their daily life challenges. Since1989, States, Commonwealth countries, and Territories came up with most important national inventiveness in order to come up with statements and policies. These policies provide a platform for curriculum development, which will inculcate the skills required for teaching and learning technology. The Australian Educational Council (AEC) made up high profile governmental officials ushered in the work, which outlined indispensable pathway through which the skills and understanding would be developed and disseminated to the students (Winzenried, 2009). Policies and Statements from the K-10 Curriculum of the Board of Studies, (NSW)The syllabus is tailored and planned by the Board of Studies (NSW), in order to meet the specific needs of the learners (Winzenried, 2009). The syllabus has a number of specific requirements geared towards meeting learner’s goals and gather for the diverse groups of learners. These are some of the prospectus and course outline requirements: The syllabus encompasses the fully utilization of learner’s abilities and strengths directed top develop a leaner who can tackle life challenges with ease and sustain a conducive environment for his existence after schooling. The syllabus entails strategies to inculcate to the leaner the positive values. These values and ethics will enable the learner to live a productive life that is up to the standards of the society (Penrith, 2009). The K- 10 curriculum also plays a pivotal role in the producing learners who are proactive and are vibrant members of the society’s who are integrated members of the society; are needed to be actively involved in societal affairs taking into account the ethics within him. While in participating in the societal matters, they should also take care of the religious nature. The syllabus itself provide avenues in which one can enjoy the learning process and gain morale for further studies or work later in life (Winzenried, 2009). The k-10 curriculum gears towards producing learners who will advocate and be part of the society which cultivate values of impartiality and equality to all diverse groups of people in the society. This framework of syllabus provide to learners the spirit of further studies and consistency of learning process hence providing smooth merger between one level to the other.

Work related stress in healthcare - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2944 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Essay any type Level High school Did you like this example? Stress may be defined as the physical and emotional response to excessive levels of mental or emotional pressure, which may arise from issues in both the working and personal life. Stress may cause emotional symptoms such as anxiety, depression, irritability or low self-esteem, or even manifest as physical symptoms including insomnia, headaches, loss of appetite and difficulties concentrating. Individuals experiencing high levels of stress may experience difficulty in controlling emotions such as anger, and may be more likely to experience illness or consume increased quantities of alcohol (NHS Choices, 2015). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Work related stress in healthcare" essay for you Create order In the UK a survey undertaken by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has estimated that in the year 2013-2014, 487,000 of work related illnesses (39%) could be attributed to work-related stress, anxiety or depression (HSE, 2014). Additionally the survey found that as many as 11.3 million working days were lost in the year 2013-2014 as the direct result of work-related stress (HSE, 2014). Studies have shown that healthcare professionals, particularly nurses and paramedics, are at an increased risk of work-related stress compared with other professionals (Sharma et al., 2014). This is likely to be due to the innate long hours and high pressure of maintaining quality care standards in the job, as well as pressures caused by staff shortages, high levels of patient demand, a lack of adequate managerial support as well as the risk of aggression or violence towards nurses from patients, relatives or even other staff (Royal College of Nursing (RCN), 2009). Indeed, a 2014 survey of nursi ng staff by the RCN showed that up to 71% of staff surveyed worked up to 4 hours more than their contracted hours a week, 80% felt that work-related stress lowered morale, and that 72% reported that understaffing occurred frequently in their workplace. As a result of these issues, 66% of respondents in the survey considered leaving the NHS or the nursing profession altogether (RCN, 2014b). A separate report by the RCN suggested that over 30% of absence due to illness was due to stress, which was estimated to cost the NHS up to  £400 million every year (RCN, 2014a). In addition to the physical and emotional symptoms of stress previously discussed, studies in this area have shown that nurses experiencing high levels of work-related stress were more likely to be obese and have low levels of physical exercise, factors which increased the likelihood of non-communicable diseases and co-morbidities such as hypertension and type 2 diabetes (Phiri et al., 2014). Stress and staff absence Chronic stress has been linked to burnout(Khamisa et al., 2015; Dalmolin et al., 2014), or a state of emotional exhaustion under extreme stress related to reduced professional fulfilment (Dalmolin et al., 2014) and compassion fatigue, where staff have experienced so many upsetting situations that they find it difficult to continue empathising with their patients (Wilkinson, 2014). As previously discussed, reducing staffing levels contribute to stress in nursing staff, and in this way chronic stress within the workplace launches a self-perpetuating cycle of understaffing; increased stress leads to increased illness, more staff absence and increased understaffing. In turn, these negative emotions also reduce job satisfaction and prompt many staff to consider leaving the nursing profession, further reducing staffing availability for services (Fitzpatrick and Wallace, 2011). Reasons for work-related stress amongst healthcare professionals Studies amongst nursing staff have also reported stress occurring as the result of poor and unsupportive management, poor communication skills amongst team members, institutional and organisational issues (e.g. outdated or restrictive hospital policies) or bullying and harassment (RCN, 2009). Even seemingly minor issues have been reported as exacerbating stress amongst nursing staff, for example a lack of common areas to take breaks in, changing shift patterns, and even difficulty and expense of car parking (Happell et al., 2013). Work related stress can particularly affect student or newly qualified nurses, who often report higher expectations of job satisfaction from working in the profession, they have worked hard and aspired to join, and are therefore particularly prone to experiencing disappointment on discovering that they do not experience the job satisfaction that they presumed they would do whilst training. Student and newly qualified nurses may also have clear ideas fr om their recent training on how healthcare organisations should be run and how teams should be managed, and may then be disillusioned when they discover that the reality is that many departments could in fact benefit from improvements and further training for more experienced staff in these areas (Wojtowicz et al., 2014; Stanley and Matchett, 2014). Nursing staff are also likely to, on occasion, find themselves in a clinical situation that they feel unprepared for, or do not have the necessary knowledge to provide the best possible care for patients, and this may cause stress and anxiety (RCN, 2009). They may also be exposed to upsetting and traumatic situations, particularly in fields such as emergency or intensive care medicine (Wilkinson, 2014). Moral distress can also cause strong feelings of stress amongst healthcare professionals. This psychological state occurs when a discrepancy occurs between the action that an individual takes, and the action that an individual feels th ey should have taken (Fitzpatrick and Wallace, 2011). This may occur if a nurse feels that a patient should receive an intervention in order to experience best possible care, but is unable to deliver it, for example due to organisational policy constraints, or a lack of support from other members of staff (Wojtowicz et al., 2014). For example, a nurse may be providing end of life care to a patient who has recently had an unplanned admission onto a general ward but is expected to die shortly. The nurse may feel that this patient would benefit from having a member of staff sitting with them until they died. However, due to a lack of available staffing this does not happen as the nurse must attend to other patients in urgent need of care. If the patient dies without someone with them, the nurse may experiences stress, anger, guilt and unhappiness over the situation as they made the moral judgement that the dying patient should have had a member of staff with them, but were unable to pr ovide this without risking compromising the safety of other patients on the ward (Stanley and Matchett, 2014). One large scale questionnaire based study in the USA on moral distress amongst healthcare professionals has shown that moral distress is more common amongst nurses than other staff such as physicians or healthcare assistants. The authors suggested that this may be due to a discrepancy between the level of autonomy that a nurse has in making care decisions, (especially following disagreement with a doctor, who has a high level of autonomy), while experiencing a higher sense of responsibility for patient wellbeing than healthcare assistants, who were more likely to consider themselves to be following the instructions of the nurses than personally responsible for patient outcomes (Whitehead et al., 2015). Recommendations for policies to address work related stress It is acknowledged that many individuals find that being asked to perform tasks that they have not been adequately trained or prepared for can be very stressful. As such management teams should also try to ensure as far as possible that individuals are only assigned roles for which they have adequate training and abilities, and support employees with training to improve skills where necessary (RCN, 2009). Surveys have frequently reported that organisational issues such as a lack of intuitive work patterns, overloading of workloads and an unpleasant working environment can all contribute to work related stress. Organisations can reduce the impact of these by developing programmes of working hours with working staff and adhering to them, making any necessary improvements to the environment (e.g. ensuring that malfunctioning air conditioning is fixed), and that incidents of understaffing are reduced as much as possible (RCN, 2009). Issues such as insomnia and difficulty in adapting to changing shift patterns can also be assisted by occupational health, for example by encouraging healthy eating and exercise (Blau, 2011; RCN, 2005). For example, in 2005 the RCN published an information booklet for nursing staff explaining the symptoms of stress, ways in which it can be managed e.g. relaxation through exercise or alternative therapies, and when help for dealing with stress should be sought (RCN, 2005). More recently, internet based resources are available from the NHS to help staff identify if they need assistance, and how and why it is important to access it (NHS Employers, 2015). Witnessing or experiencing traumatic or upsetting events is an unavoidable aspect of nursing, and can even result in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, there are ways in which staff can be encouraged by their management teams and organisations to deal with the emotions that these circumstances produce, limiting the negative and stressful consequences of these events. T his may include measures such as counselling or even peer support programmes through the occupational health departments (Wilkinson, 2014). Staff should also be encouraged to use personal support networks e.g. family, as this can be an important and effective source of support, however studies have shown that support within the work place is most beneficial, particularly if this can be combined with a culture where healthcare professionals are encouraged to express their feelings (Lowery and Stokes, 2005). One commonly cited reason for work related stress amongst nurses is the incompetence or unethical behaviours of colleagues, and a lack of opportunity to report dangerous or unethical practice without fear of reprisal. Therefore it is important that institutions and management teams ensure that there is an adequate care quality monitoring programme in place, and a culture where concerns can be reported for further investigation without fear of reprisal, particularly with respect to senior staff or doctors (Stanley and Matchett, 2014). It has been reported that in the year 2012-2013, 1,458 assaults were reported against NHS staff (NHS Business Service Authority, 2013). Violence and abusive behaviour towards nursing staff is an acknowledged cause of stress and even PTSD, and staff have a right to provide care without fear (Nursing Standard News, 2015; Itzhaki et al., 2015). Institutions therefore have a responsibility towards their staff to provide security measures such as security staff, workplace design (e.g. locations of automatically locking doors) and policies for the treatment of potentially violent patients e.g. those with a history of violence or substance abuse issues (Gillespie et al., 2013). As previously discussed, nurses are more likely than other healthcare professionals to experience moral distress as the result of a discrepancy between the actions they believe are correct and the actions they are able to perform (Whitehead et al., 2015 ). However there are policies that can be introduced into healthcare organisations to reduce its occurrence, and the severity with which it can affect nursing staff. Studies have shown that nurses who were encouraged to acknowledge and explore feelings of moral distress were able to process and overcome these in a less damaging manner than those who did not (Matzo and Sherman, 2009; Deady and McCarthy, 2010). Additionally, it is thought that moral distress is less frequent in institutions and teams that encourage staff to discuss ethical issues with a positive attitude (Whitehead et al., 2015). For example, institutions could employ a designated contact person for staff to discuss stressful ethical issues with, or set up the facility for informal and anonymous group discussion, for example on a restricted access internet-based discussion board (Matzo and Sherman, 2009) Conclusion Work related stress is responsible for significant costs to the NHS in terms of staffing availability and financial loss from staff absence from stress itself or co-morbidities that can be exacerbated by stress (RCN, 2009), for example hypertension and diabetes (Phiri et al., 2014; RCN, 2009, 2014a). The loss of valuable and qualified staff from the profession is also a significant cost to health services, and of course exacerbates the situation by increasing understaffing further, which in turn increases stress for the remaining staff (Hyrkas and Morton, 2013). It can also exert a significant cost to healthcare professionals who experience it, in terms of their ability to work, their personal health, effects on personal relationships (Augusto Landa et al., 2008) and job satisfaction (Fitzpatrick and Wallace, 2011). However, organisations can implement recommendations to reduce work related stress, for example by encouraging a positive and supportive culture for staff by offering i nterventions such as counselling (Wilkinson, 2014; RCN, 2005). Furthermore, interventions such as encouraging the reporting of unsafe or unethical practice a commonly cited source of stress amongst nurses (RCN, 2009; Stanley and Matchett, 2014) may also contribute to improving the quality of patient care. References Augusto Landa, J. M., LÃÆ' ³pez-Zafra, E., Berrios Martos, M. P. and Aguilar-LuzÃÆ' ³n, M. D. C. (2008). The relationship between emotional intelligence, occupational stress and health in nurses: a questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45 (6), p.888à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"901. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17509597 Blau, G. (2011). Exploring the impact of sleepà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ related impairments on the perceived general health and retention intent of an Emergency Medical Services (EMS) sample. Career Development International, 16 (3), p.238à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"253. [Online]. Available at: https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/13620431111140147 Dalmolin, G. de L., Lunardi, V. L., Lunardi, G. L., Barlem, E. L. D. and da Silveira, R. S. (2014). Moral distress and Burnout syndrome: are there relationships between these phenomena in nursing workers? Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 22 (1), p.35à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"42 . [Online]. Available at: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S0104-11692014000100035 Deady, R. and McCarthy, J. (2010). A Study of the Situations, Features, and Coping Mechanisms Experienced by Irish Psychiatric Nurses Experiencing Moral Distress. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 46 (3), p.209à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"220. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20591128 Fitzpatrick, J. J. and Wallace, M. (2011). Encyclopedia of Nursing Research. 3rd ed. New York: Springer Publishing Company. Gillespie, G., Gates, D. M. and Berry, P. (2013). Stressful Incidents of Physical Violence Against Emergency Nurses. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 18 (1). [Online]. Available at: https://ojin.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol-18-2013/No1-Jan-2013/Stressful-Incidents-of-Physical-Violence-against-Emergency-Nurses.html Happell, B., Dwyer, T., Reid-Searl, K., Burke, K. J., Caperch ione, C. M. and Gaskin, C. J. (2013). Nurses and stress: recognizing causes and seeking solutions. Journal of Nursing Management, 21 (4), p.638à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"647. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23700980 HSE. (2014). Statistics Stress-related and psychological disorders in Great Britain. Health and Safety Executive. [Online]. Available at: https://www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/stress/index.htm Hyrkas, K. and Morton, J. L. (2013). International perspectives on retention, stress and burnout. Journal of Nursing Management, 21 (4), p.603à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"604. [Online]. Available at: Itzhaki, M., Peles-Bortz, A., Kostistky, H., Barnoy, D., Filshtinsky, V. and Bluvstein, I. (2015). Exposure of mental health nurses to violence associated with job stress, life satisfaction, staff resilience, and post-traumatic growth. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 24 (5), p.403à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"412. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.n ih.gov/pubmed/26257307 Khamisa, N., Oldenburg, B., Peltzer, K. and Ilic, D. (2015). Work Related Stress, Burnout, Job Satisfaction and General Health of Nurses. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12 (1), p.652à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"666. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4306884/ Lowery, K. and Stokes, M. A. (2005). Role of peer support and emotional expression on posttraumatic stress disorder in student paramedics. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18 (2), p.171à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"179. [Online]. Available at: doi:10.1002/jts.20016 Matzo, M. L. and Sherman, D. W. (2009). Palliative Care Nursing: Quality Care to the End of Life. 3rd ed. New York: Springer Publishing Company. NHS Business Service Authority. (2013). 2012-13 figures released for reported physical assaults against NHS staff. NHS Business Service Authority. [Online]. Available at: https://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/4380.aspx NHS Choices. (2015). Stress, anxiety a nd depression. NHS Choices. [Online]. Available at:  https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/stress-anxiety-depression/understanding-stress/ NHS Employers. (2015). Health work and wellbeing. NHS Employers. Available at: https://www.nhsemployers.org/your-workforce/retain-and-improve/staff-experience/health-work-and-wellbeing Nursing Standard News. (2015). Stress at work affecting nurses health, survey finds. Nursing Standard, 29 (27), p.8à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"8. [Online]. Available at: https://journals.rcni.com/doi/10.7748/ns.29.27.8.s6 Phiri, L. P., Draper, C. E., Lambert, E. V. and Kolbe-Alexander, T. L. (2014). Nurses lifestyle behaviours, health priorities and barriers to living a healthy lifestyle: a qualitative descriptive study. BMC Nursing, 13. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4264254/ RCN. (2005). Working well initiative: Managing your stress. A guide for nurses. Royal College of Nursing. [Online]. Available at: https://www.rcn.org.uk/__da ta/assets/pdf_file/0008/78515/001484.pdf RCN. (2009). Work-related stress. Royal College of Nursing. [Online]. Available at: https://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/274473/003531.pdf RCN. (2014a). Importance of stress awareness. [Online]. Available at: https://www.rcn.org.uk/newsevents/news/article/uk/importance_of_stress_awareness RCN. (2014b). Two thirds of staff have considered leaving the NHS. [Online]. Available at: https://www.rcn.org.uk/newsevents/news/article/uk/two_thirds_of_staff_have_considered_leaving_the_nhs Sharma, P., Davey, A., Davey, S., Shukla, A., Shrivastava, K. and Bansal, R. (2014). Occupational stress among staff nurses: Controlling the risk to health. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 18 (2), p.52à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"56. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4280777/ Stanley, M. J. C. and Matchett, N. J. (2014). Understanding how student nurses experience morally distressing situat ions: Caring for patients with different values and beliefs in the clinical environment. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 4 (10), p.p133. [Online]. Available at: doi:10.5430/jnep.v4n10p133 Whitehead, P. B., Herbertson, R. K., Hamric, A. B., Epstein, E. G. and Fisher, J. M. (2015). Moral Distress Among Healthcare Professionals: Report of an Institution-Wide Survey. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47 (2), p.117à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"125. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25440758 Wilkinson, S. (2014). How nurses can cope with stress and avoid burnout: Stephanie Wilkinson offers a literature review on the workplace stressors experienced by emergency and trauma nurses. Emergency Nurse, 22 (7), p.27à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"31. [Online]. Available at: https://rcnpublishing.com/doi/abs/10.7748/en.22.7.27.e1354 Wojtowicz, B., Hagen, B. and Van Daalen-Smith, C. (2014). No place to turn: Nursing students experiences of moral distress in mental health settings. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 23 (3), p.257à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"264. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23980930

Philanthropy Essay - 864 Words

Philanthropy, or the act of private and voluntary giving, has been a familiar term since it first entered the English language in the seventeenth century. Translated from the Latin term â€Å"philanthropia† or â€Å"love of mankind,† philanthropy permeates many social spheres and serves several social purposes including charity, humanitarianism, religious morality and even manipulation for social control. Peter Kropotkin, a nineteenth century evolutionary theorist, proposed that philanthropic behaviors aided development of civilization and survival of the human race. However, it seems the idea of unselfish giving was a conflicted concept in early East Asian religious thought. For instance, Confucius said altruism was an important personal virtue.†¦show more content†¦For example, Deuteronomy 14:22 states: â€Å"For the poor shall never cease out of the land; therefore I command thee, saying, Thou shalt open thine hand wide unto thy brother, to thy poor, and to thy needy, in thy land.† During the oppression of the Jews in Russia around 1885, the Baron de Hirsch Fund assisted emigration as a philanthropic act to reduce acts of persecution. As the Jews considered themselves children of God, being charitable to each other was a primary principal in daily life as well as in the synagogue. Jews also faced many persecutions throughout history, so the practice of philanthropy created cohesion within the group. The Hebrew forms of philanthropy influenced Christianity’s concepts of the practice. Christians believed that fulfilling charitable demands in this life would bring rewards in the afterlife and that giving in this life also brought one spiritually closer to God. Expressing Christian love included committing one’s goods and services to those in need, as exemplified by Jesus Christ. As Christianity expanded and divided, philanthropic efforts changed due to the combination of traditional values with new social, economic, political and religious attitudes. One fundamental change was the Protestant rejection of the idea that charity led to salvation and that instead salvation could be achieved through faith. However, the Catholic Church continued to practiceShow MoreRelatedCulture of Philanthropy Essay1093 Words   |  5 Pages In today’s society, we are blessed with various forms of philanthropy and different ways to achieve this philanthropic culture. 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Developing a fundamental recognition of what the community that is being targeted needs is the first stepRead MoreHow Philanthropy Is Morally Acceptable For Organizations Essay1792 Words   |  8 PagesPhilanthropy is the desire of people, on their own accord, to promote a charity either by giving their time, money, or talent. Philanthropy fills a big gap that the government either can’t or won’t provide. However, does this necessity come with responsibilities? Is it mandatory for us to be active in philanthropy and if it is, what type of charities is morally acceptable for donors to give money? Or to Sandel’s points in What Money Can’t Buy, will bringing money into the situation have more negativeRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Corporate Philanthropy2513 Words   |  11 PagesSocial Responsibility (CSR): Corporate Philanthropy Why some firms are more committed to corporate philanthropy than others? 1. Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a topic under spotlight in recent years, firms become more committed to involve in corporate philanthropy by giving away gifts or monetary contributions to social and charitable causes. However, different firms tend to have a different level of commitment towards corporate philanthropy, which means that some firms are moreRead MoreJessica Avalos Avalos 1. Professor1114 Words   |  5 Pageshow acts of philanthropy by the wealth are being viewed. In â€Å"The Gospels of Wealth† Andrew Carnegie describes the duties and responsibilities of the new self-made rich upper class to improve the life of their workers. Andrew felt that with wealth came duties of philanthropy to guide their workers in the direction of success because they were unable to without such guidance. However, in â€Å"A Working Man’s Prayer† a worker sarcastically thanks Andrew Carnegie for his acts of philanthropy stating thatRead MoreThe History of Nonprof it Organizations in America Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pages(Robbins 2006). It was expected that they participate in almsgiving for the poor, widows, and orphans. The Roman Empire contributed to our modern view of philanthropy, also. They had a sense of obligation to civilization to formalize and regulate philanthropy (Robbins 2006, p.17) Christianity has also greatly influenced the motives of philanthropy worldwide by encouraging the practice of self-sacrifice for the good of others in need. The basic foundation of America’s current social welfare systemRead MoreEssay on Human Observation Project2534 Words   |  11 Pagespolitical or economic gain; here, the donation is the prosocial action and the altruism is what motivates the doer to action. II. Theory: Society teaches that a good person is helpful of others, this is where the procicial behavior, altruism, philanthropy and egoism and mutual benefit get very well separate although they are very similar. More males are whiling to help a good looking single woman that drops her keys than women are. Even little boys are more prone to help the subject mentioned aboveRead MoreShould Welfare Be More Charity Impact On Homeless, Hungry, And Many1686 Words   |  7 Pageson potential receivers of charity money. Others feel that charities should not exist due to the fact of there being so many fraudulent philanthropic groups existing only to receive donations for a terrific cause and pocket all of the money, but philanthropy is just like any other industry; there are both great and terrible organizations and companies. Charity Watch has created a charity â€Å"Hall of Shame† to expose those corrupt charity programs (Borochoff, 2016). The â€Å"Hall of Shame† is what there should Read MoreEssay on The Evil of Capitalism1061 Words   |  5 Pagesarts to medical research. In 1992, Amoco decided to focus philanthropy in just two areas, education and inner cities. American business executives have increasingly embraced this concept, often called strategic philanthropy. Strategic philanthropy simply involves ongoing consideration of how corporate giving ties into the firms need to attract good employees, enthusiastic investors, and loyal customers. As long as corporate philanthropy has a business interest, companies have a legitimate role

American Lit Unit 8 Free Essays

S. Q. 8 Nathanil Hawthorne 433, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† 457, â€Å"The Birthmark† 465, Herman Melville 504, â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† 507 1. We will write a custom essay sample on American Lit Unit 8 or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is the attractive legend about Hawthorne? He was believed to be a shy recluse, always brooding in solitude. 2. How do the authors describe Hawthorne? He is described as a public figure, capable of a certain urbanity. He is absorbed by the evils of enigma and of moral responsibility. 3. Briefly describe Hawthorne’s background. He was born in Salem and moved to Maine with his mother to live with an uncle as a child. He returned to Salem to attend college. He secretly go married, he enjoyed reading and the first novel he wrote was recalled and almost completely destroyed. He continued writing and his first big break was The Scarlet Letter. 4. What is the principle appeal of Hawthorne’s work? It is in the quality of its allegory, always richly ambivalent, providing enigmas which each reader solves in his or her own terms. ? 5. How does the preaching of Mr.. Hooper change as he puts on the black veil? He still had the same characteristics of style and manner, but it was tinged rather more dark than usual, with the gentle gloom of his temperament. 6. How does Elizabeth respond to the veil? At first she defends him saying questioning why everyone thought it to be such a big deal. Then she asks him why he is wearing it and seems to take offense of his reasoning and that he will not remove it. ? 7. What did Aylmer think of his wife’s birthmark? He despised it, he wanted her to have it removed. He felt it was the one thing that kept her from being perfect. 8. What word best describes Aylmer’s treatment of Aminadab? He treats him like he is insignificant and doesn’t matter. He doesn’t understand the science behind Aylmer’s work and doesn’t agree with him trying to remove the birthmark. Aylmer doesn’t care what he thinks nor his own wife. He treats Aminadab as a servant. ? 9. How does the narrator of â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† characterize himself as a lawyer? He says he is an eminently safe man, he doesn’t address juries, rather he works with rich men’s bonds, mortgages and title-deeds. 10. What concerns the narrator most about Bartleby’s behavior? He is concerned about him ruining his reputation and his business. He tried to get him to work or leave and he refused to do either. 11. Where does Bartleby die? He dies in the prison yard. ? 12. How does the narrator fail Bartleby? He is unable to save him. He moved his office and when he did the next tenant causes him to be sent to prison because he still refuses to leave. 3. â€Å"At the end of the story, Bartleby’s significance expands, and he becomes not only a double for the narrator but also a kind of double for all of humanity. † Explain this statement. We learn that Bartleby lost his job at the Dead Letter Office because of an administration change. The Dead Letter Office would be a place of gloom, where one would deal with human mortality on a daily basis. Also, the narrator had lost his previous job due to bureaucratic changes. The narrator was able to adapt to life but Bartleby, he was unable to save. How to cite American Lit Unit 8, Essay examples

The Author Is Michael Crichton, And The Book Is The Lost World. Many P

The author is Michael Crichton, and the book is The Lost World. Many people have read this book, along with its predecessor, Jurassic Park, and many people have been enthralled with the thought of living dinosaurs in the 20th century. ?What if the dinosaurs did not become extinct? What if they still exist (The Lost World takes off a couple years after the first book. A separate island is discovered, an island where the dinosaurs were actually created. There are two different research groups sent to the island. One to observe the dinosaurs in the wild and the other to bring them back for research purposes. The fighting starts from there. What many people don't know, is that these books, along with countless other Crichton works, contain many of the same themes. One of these themes is that Technology will backfire if it is taken for granted. Also, he says that power corrupts those who possess it. Chaos and randomness rule the world. Nothing can be predicted, and nothing is as it seems . Last and not least, mother nature sits above all else. Technology plays a key role in many parts of society in today's world. Computers run everything from huge assembly lines to the light switch. Some hard-core proof that technology will backfire is the Year 2000 bug (Y2K). The Y2K bug will make many computers not work properly, and in many cases, they will shut down completely. The problem stems back some 50 years, to when the first computers were being made. It could have been fixed in the 1970's, but nobody figured out that it would be a problem until a few years ago. People have taken for granted the use of computers for many years now, and only now will people realize that we can't depend upon new technology so much. This is exactly what Michael Crichton means in The Lost World. The people who were designing the dinosaurs didn't realize how powerful the dinosaurs really were, and the dinosaurs took over the island. Now the dinosaurs had all of the power. ?Absolute power corrupts absolutely.?(MacBeth, William Shakespeare, Act ) Shakespeare was absolutely right. Power does corrupt those who have it. It can't be confirmed that the dictators that make it in to office are psychos beforehand, but the power probably makes their greed a little worse. Bill Clinton and countless other world leaders have abused their power. In The Lost World, a company called InGen literally holds the power of life in its hands. InGen recreated real dinosaurs, which had previously been extinct for hundreds of millions of years. They had the power, and then they abused it by trying to make some money. If they had just gone about the research no one would have been hurt, and everything would have worked out in the end, but the power consumed them. ?Hammond was a hustler, and his true talent was raising money?. He built his park in an island called Isla Nublar,? but the park system broke down, and the dinosaurs got free.? (Lost World pg. 209) Crichton seems to view mathematics in a certain way. His character Ian Malcolm has his Chaos Theory, and according to this theory, certain things cannot be explained or predicted. The dinosaurs on the island were supposed to die off without a certain chemical, but they lived anyway. That is a perfect example of the chaos theory. It just can't be explained. They only engineered female animals, because they didn't want these animals to be reproducing, but somehow they changed genders, and procreated. These were all just examples of nature. The last theme is that Crichton wants nature to be above all else. He believes that nature is best left alone, and if it has worked for billions of years, it will continue to work if we don't fool around with it. Dinosaurs were living millions of years ago, and they became extinct for a reason. ?Evolution doesn't always act like a blind force should.? (Lost World pg. 207) No one really knows that reason. Who are we, as humans, to decide what to bring back to life? The dinosaurs lived naturally for seven years on Isla Sorna, and no one knew

Free Essays on Gates Of Fire

#1. Briefly summarize the plot of Gates of Fire. In 480 B.C., the Persian army under the command of King Xerxes went into Greece planning to make Europe part of the Persian Empire. The King’s two million troops ran into three hundred men of the Spartan army, squires and helots along with a few thousand allies at the Thermopylae, a narrow mountain pass in northern Greece named for the natural hot springs. The sole mission of this army was to hold off the Persians until the Greek army could get organized and reinforce this small band of Spartans and allies. It was suicide and these Spartans knew it but they also knew that they would die in honor and love for their country and their families would be honored for their sacrifice. Finally the Persian allies and the royal Immortals surrounded and flooded the remaining one hundred Spartan soldiers. Xeones mortally wounded, is found beneath a pile of dead warriors. Under orders from King Xerxes himself the royal surgeons are commanded to attend to Xeones. Once recovered, he is placed before King Xerxes and his scribes and historians to find out how so few men could hold off two million troops for so long before succumbing to its force. Xeones tells the story of his life and how he came to be to the Spartan army. He tells of the relationships, the training, the brotherhood of men and the culture that creates the most formidable army in the world. #2. Analyze any three of the major characters (Gobartes, Xeones, Alexandros, Dienekes, King Leonidas, Polynikes, Rooster, etc.) focusing on the following: What motivates the character? What type of person is the character? Does his persona change during the course of the novel? Do you like the character? Why or Why not? Cite examples from your reading. Xeones Xeones was a decent person who really only wanted to avenge the death of his parents and the betrayal of his village by the Argives. He felt that he had failed his famil... Free Essays on Gates Of Fire Free Essays on Gates Of Fire #1. Briefly summarize the plot of Gates of Fire. In 480 B.C., the Persian army under the command of King Xerxes went into Greece planning to make Europe part of the Persian Empire. The King’s two million troops ran into three hundred men of the Spartan army, squires and helots along with a few thousand allies at the Thermopylae, a narrow mountain pass in northern Greece named for the natural hot springs. The sole mission of this army was to hold off the Persians until the Greek army could get organized and reinforce this small band of Spartans and allies. It was suicide and these Spartans knew it but they also knew that they would die in honor and love for their country and their families would be honored for their sacrifice. Finally the Persian allies and the royal Immortals surrounded and flooded the remaining one hundred Spartan soldiers. Xeones mortally wounded, is found beneath a pile of dead warriors. Under orders from King Xerxes himself the royal surgeons are commanded to attend to Xeones. Once recovered, he is placed before King Xerxes and his scribes and historians to find out how so few men could hold off two million troops for so long before succumbing to its force. Xeones tells the story of his life and how he came to be to the Spartan army. He tells of the relationships, the training, the brotherhood of men and the culture that creates the most formidable army in the world. #2. Analyze any three of the major characters (Gobartes, Xeones, Alexandros, Dienekes, King Leonidas, Polynikes, Rooster, etc.) focusing on the following: What motivates the character? What type of person is the character? Does his persona change during the course of the novel? Do you like the character? Why or Why not? Cite examples from your reading. Xeones Xeones was a decent person who really only wanted to avenge the death of his parents and the betrayal of his village by the Argives. He felt that he had failed his famil...

10 Colloquial Terms and Their Meanings

10 Colloquial Terms and Their Meanings 10 Colloquial Terms and Their Meanings 10 Colloquial Terms and Their Meanings By Mark Nichol Why is there a taint surrounding ain’t? Why do editors get ornery or riled, or have conniptions or raise a ruckus, if writers try to use these and other words? The ebb and flow of the English language’s vocabulary is caused by competing crosscurrents. Neologisms come in with each tide, some of them washing ashore and others drifting back out to sea. But pronouncements from self-appointed experts and tacit disapproval by the self-selected better classes can also result in the relegation of certain terms and idioms to the realm of substandard or nonstandard usage. Here are ten words that, at least in terms of one sense, have been demoted by an association with rural dialect. 1. Ain’t: Once a fully legitimate contraction of â€Å"am not† employed at least in familiar conversation by speakers of all social classes, ain’t came to be identified with less well-educated people, and in the United States specifically with poor rural dwellers. It’s unfortunate that in writing, its use is restricted to humorous emphasis or idiomatic expressions (â€Å"Say it ain’t so!†). 2. Allow: The sense of allow meaning â€Å"concede† or â€Å"recognize† has been relegated to obscurity; seldom is this usage employed except in faux-rural contexts. 3. Conniption: This word for an emotional fit, usually appearing in plural form (â€Å"having conniptions†), is still employed occasionally in a jocular sense. It was first attested almost two hundred years ago, but its origin is obscure, though it’s possibly a corruption of corruption, which once had a connotation of anger, or might be derived from a dialectal form of captious (â€Å"fallacious†). 4. Fetch: Fetch has a colloquial air about it, and it’s unfortunate that the word lacks respectability, because it is more vivid and thorough a term than get (â€Å"Could you fetch that for me?†), and more compact than, for example, â€Å"Could you go over there and bring that back for me?† It survives in one formal sense, however: far-fetched (originally, â€Å"brought from afar,† but used figuratively for most of its centuries-long life span). 5. Ornery: This contraction of ordinary, influenced by the latter word’s less common senses of â€Å"coarse† and â€Å"ugly,† developed a connotation of cantankerous or mean behavior. Today, it’s used only in a humorous or scornful sense. 6. Reckon: The sense of reckon that means â€Å"suppose† (â€Å"I reckon I ought to get home†) is one of the most high-profile examples of stereotypical rural dialect, but it’s absent from formal usage. 7. Rile: This dialectal variant of roil, in the sense of â€Å"stir up,† is used informally to describe irritation or anger. 8. Ruckus: Ruckus, probably a mash-up of ruction (â€Å"disturbance†) and rumpus (â€Å"boisterous activity†) themselves both dialectal terms is now used only light-heartedly. 9. Spell: The sense of spell that means â€Å"an indefinite period of time,† related to the use of the word to mean â€Å"substitute,† is confined to rural dialect or affectation of such usage. 10. Yonder: This formerly standard term meaning â€Å"over there† is now known only in rural dialect (or spoofing of it) or in a poetic sense. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Wether, Weather, Whether"Certified" and "Certificated"When to use "an"

Describe your participation in a community outreach activity Research Paper

Describe your participation in a community outreach activity - Research Paper Example My role in the outreach program was to find out poor people and to help them get the basic necessities of life. It was a great experience for me to participate in an outreach activity. According to my point of view, community and the families hold the major part of the responsibility to help the poor and deprived people and to provide them with healthcare, judicial, and financial support. This is the reason why I participated in that outreach activity. It was basically a NGO with whom I worked. The aim of our NGO was not only to provide the people with instant financial and medical support but also to arrange small business setups for the deserving and skilled people. We were organized in the form of groups, which searched for the poor and deprived people all over the society. The chief coordinator of the NGO, Mr. Mark James, assigned me the roles to help the poor class financially, to provide them with medical and judicial support, and to meet educational and psychological needs of the poor people living in the society. It was great experience for me as it not only helped the poor class belonging to my society but also made me aware of the emotional and psychological needs of the poor people. Today, I feel a complete change in my personality. I love to help the deprived and unprivileged people. I want to make them enjoy life as all other people do. It is due to my participation in that outreach activity that, today, I think about others before thinking about myself in anything I do or wish to do. Apart from all positive aspects and beneficial outcomes of the outreach program, I think that the program needs some improvements in the planning phase. I would recommend a couple of changes in the program. First, the services should not be limited to the people living in our society; rather they should be expanded to poor relatives of our people living in other parts of the world. In this way, more people

Evaluate an Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluate an Argument - Essay Example Obama whether or not she believes that marriage should be between a man and a woman. In true politician form, Obama dodges the question and states that even though he believes that marriage should be between a man and a woman, homosexuals should also be provided the very same civil rights and privileges that married couples enjoy. Furthermore, when asked to define whether or not homosexuality was inherent, Sen. Obama once again does not deliver a direct answer in states that in most cases he believes it to be inherent but there are certain exceptions in which it is not. However, the true heart of the debate takes place when Alan Keyes is challenged based upon his definition for the purpose of marriage. Evidently, Sen. Obama direct to the audience’s attention to the fact that Alan Keyes has made a particularly absurd statement with regard to the fact that marriage has only one goal; procreation. Accordingly, Sen. Obama asks Alan Keyes that if marriage has this solitary goal – what is the purpose of individuals that are impotent, infertile, or otherwise aged and cannot have children being married? Alan Keyes resorts to his profound knowledge of logic and argument and unleashed a barrage of doublespeak in which he attempted to state that the goal of marriage is procreation but even those that cannot procreate still have a right to be married. Accordingly, Sen. Obama points to the logical inconsistency that is represented within this particular view; namely the fact that Alan Keyes wishes to state that marriage is solely intended for the active procreation – however even though certain individuals cannot procreate – marriage is still somehow right for them well. Finally, further differentiation of viewpoints is revealed with regards the way in which he compares with incest. According to Alan Keyes, the relationship between possible handset and they often do with the fact that the fertilization process of children adopted by lesbian couple leaves father

Attention Deficit Disorder :: essays research papers fc

Attention Deficit Disorder   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For centuries children have been grounded, beaten, or even killed for ignoring the rules or not listening to what they're told. In the past it was thought these †bad† kids were the products of bad parenting, bad environment, or simply being stubborn, however it is now known that many of these children may have had Attention Deficit Disorder, or A. D. D., and could've been helped. A. D. D. is a syndrome that affects millions of children and adults in the United States and is a very frustrating and confusing syndrome that often goes undiagnosed. While there is no clear-cut definition of A. D. D., it's known that it's a genetic disorder that affects males more often than females, in a 3:1 ratio, and is marked by a classic triad of symptoms, which are impulsivity, distractibility, and hyperactivity (Hallowell 6). There are two general types of A. D. D., the stereotypical, high-energy, hyperactive group, and the less known underactive ones that often daydream and are never mentally present anywhere. Typically, people with A. D. D. are very likable and are usually very emphatic, intuitive, and compassionate, however they have very unstable moods that can range from an extreme high to an extreme low instantly, for no apparent reason. Usually, they procrastinate often and have trouble finishing projects, while conversely, they can hyperfocus at times and accomplish tasks more quickly and efficiently than a normal person could. Often they have short tempers and lack the impulse to stop themselves from blowing up over minor details (Hallowell 10). Although A. D. D. has just recently been discovered and there is still relatively little known about it, it has an interesting history. In 1902, George Frederic Still first thought that the dilemma of problem children was a biological defect inherited from an injury at birth and not the result of bad parenting. In the 1930's and '40's stimulant drugs were first used to successfully treat many behavior problems due partly to Still's hypothesis. In 1960, Stella Chess further boosted research in the field by writing about the â€Å" hyperactive child syndrome.† She stated that the behavior problems weren't a product of injury at birth, but instead were inherited genetically. Finally, in 1980, the syndrome was named A. D. D., due in large part to Virginia Douglas' work to find accurate ways to diagnose it (Hallowell 12). Formally, A. D. D. comes in two types: A. D. D. with hyperactivity and A. D. D. without hyperactivity (Hallowell 9). However there are several other subtypes that are used to diagnose the syndrome and aren't formally recognized.

Behavioral study of obedience

This article represents a detailed account of the research carried out by Stanley Miligram at Yale University. The study was set to investigate the negative / destructive side of obedience. It involved more than 40 grown-up American volunteers representing diverse professions that ranged from laborers to great scholars. They were briefed on the research main objectives and selected to either play the role of experimenter, subject (teacher) or victim (learner).The experiment carried out in Yale’s laboratory required a naive subject to administer electric â€Å"shock† gradually as a form of punishment to a victim each time the victim answered wrongly to a question. The shock generator was graded in intervals of 15 volts with thirty such grades. Each time the victim answered wrongly the subject was under instructions from the experimenter to press a button that connected to the graduated shock generator system that increased the voltage by a margin of 15 volts. The purpose of the study as explained by Milgram was to investigate how human beings respond to authority (power).Though naturally it is difficult for immorally upright person to administer electric shock to another innocent person, it was interesting when milligram’s subjects went on to administer fatal shocks to the victims. This confirms that human beings are powerless and are likely to succumb to authority by obeying its orders even if they are against the fundamental moral standards. Answers to reflection question about the study. The Milgram experiment consisted of three key players i. e. the experimenter, the subject, and the victim.Out of these three players it is the subject who plays the core part of the experiment. The subjects’ behavior is what Milgram was looking for in his bid to study the behavior of human obedience. For instance, if a subject chooses to obey the experimenters’ orders and go on with administering the electric shock then he or she is being ob edient but if not he or she is defying orders.According to (psychology 101, chapter 8, section 3) on obedience and power Milgram’s subjects behaved obediently because of the force of following the legitimate power i. e. they are under authority from the experimenter to administer electric shocks to their victims. Therefore when compared to Nazi’s extermination of Jews in death camps and gas chambers during the holocaust, their behavior is certainly not different.They both knew that it is against the basic human morals to apply electric shock, or murder people by gassing but they play obedient to authority. Ethically any act that brings suffering/ uncomfortability to a human being is considered inhuman; however, this was not the case with Milgram’s experiment.It would have been unethical if the subjects were in the first place forced to take part in the experiment, secondly the subjects were initially briefed on the authenticity of the electric shock –the shocks could not cause permanent tissue damage. Again, though the experiment was painful its discomfort was momentary compared with its worthy scientific gains. The subjects although paid to participate in the experiment, they were assured that the money was just for their coming to the laboratory and not what they did afterwards.This research though carried out before establishment of Ethics Review Committees it drew numerous questions regarding its effects to the basic ethics and morals of human beings. But going by the previous brutal actions committed to people out of blind adherence to orders, a controlled study was needed to investigate the reasons as to why German police cops contrary to their conscience murdered millions of Jews under the command of Hitler. The research was purely based on willing volunteer basis; the participants were briefed on the effects of the electric shock to the victims.It is therefore inclined to the advancement of worthwhile knowledge about learnin g and memory. It was conducted by reputable personnel (Yale University). The selection of participants was done fairly, and lastly the study was concluded by â€Å"debriefing† the participants in order to iron out any feelings of hatred on the part of the subjects and their victims. On the other hand the study had its dark side, the fact that subjects were ordered to administer electric shock to their victims which to them was morally degrading is one of the reasons many Ethics Review Committees would give out in trying to bar such an experiment.Again, the screams and groans made by victims due to extreme tension are another reason these committees would give out. The research was most successful because the participants were deceived into believing that the selection of who plays subject or victim was fairly done. This was one of Milgram’s trump cards of making sure that the naive participants play the part of the subject in order to increase the credibility of the fi ndings. Further the shock generator was not a real one; it was designed to cheat the public that indeed the victims were being shocked.However the experiment can be conducted in a more â€Å"real† way in order to eradicate any element of doubt. This research could have been made real by using real teachers and real learners; a teacher is required to first give out strict instructions to the learners on the real consequences of answering wrongly to the given quiz. Real punishment (real electric shock or any other ethically acceptable punishment) may be administered to any wrong answer given, by doing that the learners will therefore try to obey (answer correctly or else get punished).The act of â€Å"debriefing† after the experiment was necessary to eradicate any ill feelings towards the subjects. They were made to believe that no real shock was administered to the victims. However this was an exercise in futility because the subjects were free to discontinue with the s hock administering, if they felt it was against their morals but the majority continued with the exercise. Therefore making them believe they had not administered real shocks was adding more psychological stress because they had already broken their morals and hence it was meaningless to convince them into believing.According to (Sojourners magazine, by MacNutt, Francis 2004) also based on Milgram’s experiment, many ordinary people are afraid of being disapproved and therefore carry out acts which are incompatible with the basic moral standards. Therefore the chances of any subject defying experimenter’s orders are slim and therefore if I were one of the experimenters I would not hesitate but would have carried on with the electric shocking business. A more solid explanation to this is the case a confident businessman who almost succumbed to tension went ahead and executed all the experimenter’s orders.Psychology generally deals with people’s behavior; so me extreme behaviors were exhibited by morally upright people e. g. the perpetration of mass slaughter of Jews during the holocaust, the Hoffling hospital case whereby nurses ejected lethal doses of a â€Å"fictional† drug to their patients (Hofling C. K et al, 1966). Such behaviors needed to be studied in order to arrive at a generalization, therefore Milgram’s study was fundamental to social psychology, a study that investigates how people influence the beliefs, feelings, and behaviors of others.The study findings gave a basis to many generalizations that makes up the core pillars of psychology. Again, the findings of this study are of great relevance to today’s human beings actions; other studies continue to be done with great reference to this study. For instance, obedience and power – a sub section of greater social psychology branch of psychology, draws its relevance from Milgram’s findings (psychology 101, chapter 8, section 3).This carefull y executed study send a very loaded message to numerous questions asked by people of sound reasoning on morals on why German corps unquestioningly obeyed Hitler’s orders by gassing millions of Jews, whether Germans are different from other people, why catholic bishops stressed obedience to Caesar and Christ among other questions. The answer to these questions was that human being are bound to behave obediently to orders given by people whom they identify with, and whom they perceive to hold a legitimate position higher than them.Conclusions Milgram’s research on obedience to power is a milestone to the general study of psychology; however the study was purely based on a volunteer and wiling basis. This serves to discredit the study’s credibility, because the experimenters, subjects and victims are under no imminent consequence should they choose to defy the orders. For instance 14 subjects defied orders after their victims literally refused to respond to questio ns.However, the major objective of the research was adequately achieved, although those participants who failed to play obedience negatively affected the full achievement of those objectives. Further deceiving the participants was not a strong point towards the overall credibility of the study; Milgram could have provided a more â€Å"real’ study with a morally acceptable punishment e. g. the case of Hoffling hospital (Hofling C. K et al, 1966).ReferencesPsychology 101, Obedience and power, available at: http://allpsych. com/psychology101/obedience_power. html, accessed on October 17, 2008Sojourners magazine, by MacNutt, Francis 2004, available at; http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_qa4010/is_200410/ai_n9441346, accessed on October 17, 2008.Behavior Study of obedience, by Milgram, Stanley, available at; http://www. wadsworth. com/psychology_d/templates/student_resources/0155060678_rathus/ps/ps01. html, accessed on October 17, 2008.Hofling CK et al. (1966) â€Å"An Exper imental study of Nurse-Physician Relationships†. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 141:171-180.

President John F. Kennedy - 1731 Words

Chancellor Kohl, Governing Mayor Diepgen, ladies and gentlemen: Twenty-four years ago, President John F. Kennedy visited Berlin, speaking to the people of this city and the world at the City Hall. Well, since then two other presidents have come, each in his turn, to Berlin. And today I, myself, make my second visit to your city. We come to Berlin, we American presidents, because it s our duty to speak, in this place, of freedom. But I must confess, we re drawn here by other things as well: by the feeling of history in this city, more than 500 years older than our own nation; by the beauty of the Grunewald and the Tiergarten; most of all, by your courage and determination. Perhaps the composer Paul Lincke understood something about American presidents. You see, like so many presidents before me, I come here today because wherever I go, whatever I do: Ich hab noch einen Koffer in Berlin. [I still have a suitcase in Berlin.] Our gathering today is being broadcast throughout Western Europe and North America. I understand that it is being seen and heard as well in the East. To those listening throughout Eastern Europe, a special word: Although I cannot be with you, I address my remarks to you just as surely as to those standing here before me. For I join you, as I join your fellow countrymen in the West, in this firm, this unalterable belief: Es gibt nur ein Berlin. [There is only one Berlin.] Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of aShow MoreRelatedPresident John F. Kennedy1738 Words   |  7 Pages President John Fitzgerald Kennedy Our Nation’s 35th President Andrew Hogenson History 112 June 15, 2015 John Fitzgerald Kennedy was the 35th President of the USA and served at that position only for three years as at the end of the third year he was assassinated in Texas. Even though his presidential term was not long, it was significant, mostly with the strong opposition against the USSR (in a person of its Prime Minister of that time, Nikita Khrushchev). President Kennedy’s name is associatedRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1220 Words   |  5 PagesPresident John â€Å"Jack† Fitzgerald Kennedy was born May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts to Rose Kennedy and Joseph P. Kennedy. John F. Kennedy, also known as JFK, had three brothers and five sisters. Young John, â€Å"Jack† as he was known by, attended a boarding school for boys in Connecticut. Here he was active in football, golf, tennis, and basketball. Once Jack graduated Choate in 1936, he entered Harvard. It was while he was studying at Harvard that he injured his back while playing football,Read MorePr esident John F. Kennedy1608 Words   |  7 PagesEveryone has an opinion about the president. Whether they like the president or dislike the president, someone has an opinion. There are only a few good president in the history of America that people can actually say they liked and enjoyed where they lead this country. One of those few presidents was President John F. Kennedy. Elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, Kennedy became the youngest and first Roman Catholic president. He won the hearts of many Americans with his youthfulnessRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy975 Words   |  4 PagesIn the words of President John F. Kennedy,† Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future†. (John F. Kennedy) JFK was a president during a tense time in American History. The Civil Rights movement during the 1960’s questioned the status quo. This motivated change that influences many decisions we have today. The relevancy of truth and what is certain ascertains our duty as a citizen of the United States. As a citizen, it is our job to discernRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1675 Words   |  7 Pagesgo to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard.† (Great Speeches Volume 27: John F. Kennedy, 2012). President John F. Kennedy delivered this infamous speech in the football stadium at Rice University in Houston, Texas on that very day. President Kennedy’s reason for his delivery of this speech was to address the state of our Nation’s Space Effort. The citizens of the United States of America were in quite a stateRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1746 Words   |  7 PagesWhen a president is able to effectively use the power of rhetoric to move citizens to aspire to achieve the seemingly impossible, this president is able to transcend the limitations of the executive of fice itself. President John F Kennedy was masterful at this skill and the words he spoke and the dreams he invited us to share are as powerful today as they ever were. Our cultural memory of John F. Kennedy was shaped within a very narrow time frame. Kennedy, born in 1917, was only forty-six yearsRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy911 Words   |  4 Pages There are many theories on what happened on November 22, 1963. A president was assassinated while campaigning for re-election. Many people are skeptical about what happened and many theories have been formed. Though there is only one right answer to what really happened on this somber Friday, many people have formed their own beliefs. One theory is that there was more than one shooter. What, as close as can be collected from the existing reports, are the circumstances surrounding JFK s death toRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy968 Words   |  4 Pages On January 20, 1961, President John F. Kennedy was sworn into office and ma de one of the most famous inaugural addresses in our country’s history. In his inaugural address, Kennedy spoke of the United States making some sort change in the world. Kennedy not only called upon Americans, but also others from different nations asking for their support in joining in peace for mankind’s success. Kennedy encouraged citizens to defend their freedom and presented his ideals for presidency for a time of changeRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1126 Words   |  5 Pages You know when you say something important or say you will make a change in life for the better, but sometimes you can’t follow through? Well with president John F. Kennedy he inspired much to people with all his speeches but never had the opportunity to follow through when he died so early. With Kennedy,they state that he was more talk than action. He traveled crazy with his wife to make his speeches for people to re-elect him because all the good things he could change in the U.S. He inspiredRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy883 Words   |  4 PagesToday was the day, today November 22, 1963 was the day I was going to meet my all-time favorite presidents John Fitzgerald Kennedy, better known by his initials, JFK. He was travelling west through the country speaking in nine different states, which include San Antonio, Houston, Fort Worth and then onto Dallas and Austin, he was preparing for his next presidential campaign and his trip was mainly about natural resources and conservation efforts but it was also in a way to support his reelection